@article{ref1,
title="Hopelessness depression in depressed inpatients: Symptomatology, patient characteristics, and outcome",
journal="Cognitive therapy and research",
year="1995",
author="Whisman, M.A. and Miller, I.W. and Norman, W.H. and Keitner, G.I.",
volume="19",
number="4",
pages="377-398",
abstract="This exploratory study examined the association between level of hopelessness and specific depression symptomatology, patient characteristics, and treatment outcome. <br><br>RESULTS from 80 unipolar depressed inpatients suggested that high-hopelessness patients could be discriminated from low-hopelessness patients on hypothesized symptoms of depression, characterized by retarded initiation of voluntary responses (a motivational symptom) and sad affect (an emotional symptom). Moreover, high-hopelessness patients could be discriminated from patients low in hopelessness on the patient characteristics of greater suicidal ideation, social dysfunction, and cognitive dysfunction. Finally, compared to low-hopelessness patients, depressed inpatients high in hopelessness exhibited a poorer outcome to pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral treatment interventions. © 1995 Plenum Publishing Corporation.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0147-5916",
doi="10.1007/BF02230407",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02230407"
}