@article{ref1,
title="Hopelessness in i.v. drug users not in treatment and seeking HIV testing and counselling",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="1994",
author="Steer, R. A. and Iguchi, M. Y. and Platt, J. J.",
volume="34",
number="2",
pages="99-103",
abstract="The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was administered to 2379 intravenous drug users who were not in treatment, unaware of their human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) status and seeking HIV testing and counselling. Three BHS principal components were identified reflecting resignation to the futility of changing the future, rejection of the possibility of a hopeful future, and acceptance of the inevitability of a hopeless future. The principal component scores representing these three dimensions were positively related to self-reported depression and suicidal ideation; the rejection scores were positively correlated with confirmed HIV seropositivity.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/0376-8716(94)90129-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90129-5"
}