@article{ref1,
title="Evolving trends in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder",
journal="World journal of biological psychiatry",
year="2007",
author="Vieta, Eduard and Rosa, Adriane R.",
volume="8",
number="1",
pages="4-11",
abstract="The episodic and chronic nature of bipolar disorder usually requires long-term treatment in all patients, yet there is an unmet need for well-tolerated and clinically effective maintenance therapy with enhanced patient adherence. Few well-tolerated treatment options are currently available that are both effective in all phases of bipolar disorder and prevent recurrence of episodes. Lithium has well-established efficacy in the prevention of further manic episodes and may also be effective in the prevention of depression and suicide, but safety is a concern due to narrow therapeutic window. For valproate and carbamazepine, data appear much less compelling. Lamotrigine has shown to be effective for long-term prevention of depressive episodes. Controlled studies suggest that atypical antipsychotics may also have mood-stabilizing properties and might become standard for long-term therapy in the new future. The role of psychoeducation in improving adherence to medication in long-term treatment and overall patient outcomes is also crucial.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1562-2975",
doi="10.1080/15622970601083280",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970601083280"
}