@article{ref1,
title="Factor structure and predictive validity of somatic and nonsomatic symptoms from the patient health questionnaire-9: a longitudinal study after spinal cord injury",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2010",
author="Krause, James S. and Reed, Karla S. and McArdle, John J.",
volume="91",
number="8",
pages="1218-1224",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factor structure and predictive validity of somatic and nonsomatic depressive symptoms over the first 2.5 years after spinal cord injury (SCI) using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). DESIGN: Somatic and nonsomatic symptoms were assessed at baseline during inpatient hospitalization (average of 50 days after onset) and during 2 follow-ups (average of 498 and 874 days after onset). SETTING: Data were collected at a specialty hospital in the Southeastern United States and analyzed at a medical university. We performed time-lag regression between inpatient baseline and follow-up somatic and nonsomatic latent factors of the PHQ-9. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with traumatic SCI (N=584) entered the study during inpatient rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: PHQ-9, a 9-item measure of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The inpatient baseline nonsomatic latent factor was significantly predictive of the nonsomatic (r=.40; P=.000) and somatic latent factors at the second follow-up (r=.29; P=.006), whereas the somatic factor at inpatient baseline did not significantly predict either factor. In contrast, when regressing latent factors between the 2 follow-ups, the nonsomatic factor predicted only the nonsomatic factor (r=.66; P=.002), and the somatic factor predicted only future somatic symptoms (r=.66; P=.000). In addition, the factor structure was not stable over time. Item analysis verified the instability of somatic items between inpatient baseline and follow-up and also indicated that self-harm at inpatient baseline was highly predictive of future self-harm. CONCLUSIONS: Nonsomatic symptoms are better predictors of future depressive symptoms when first assessed during inpatient rehabilitation, whereas somatic symptoms become stable predictors only after inpatient rehabilitation. Self-harm (suicidal ideation) is the most stable symptom over time. Clinicians should routinely assess for suicidal ideation and use nonsomatic symptoms when performing assessments during inpatient rehabilitation.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.015"
}