@article{ref1,
title="Implicit and explicit self-esteem as concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and loneliness",
journal="Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry",
year="2012",
author="Creemers, Daan H. M. and Scholte, Ron H. J. and Engels, Rutger C. M. E. and Prinstein, Mitchell J. and Wiers, Reinout W.",
volume="43",
number="1",
pages="638-646",
abstract="The aim of the present study was to examine whether explicit and implicit self-esteem, the interaction between these two constructs, and their discrepancy are associated with depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and loneliness. Participants were 95 young female adults (M = 21.2 years, SD = 1.88) enrolled in higher education. We administered the Name Letter Task to measure implicit self-esteem, and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale to assess explicit self-esteem. The results indicated that explicit but not implicit self-esteem was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and loneliness. The interaction of implicit and explicit self-esteem was associated with suicidal ideation, indicating that participants with high implicit self-esteem combined with a low explicit self-esteem showed more suicidal ideation. Furthermore, the size of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem was positively associated with depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and loneliness. In addition, results showed that the direction of the discrepancy is an important: damaged self-esteem (high implicit self-esteem combined with low explicit self-esteem) was consistently associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and loneliness, while defensive or fragile self-esteem (high explicit and low implicit self-esteem) was not. Together, these findings provide new insights into the relationship of implicit and explicit self-esteem with depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and loneliness.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0005-7916",
doi="10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.006",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.006"
}