@article{ref1,
title="Preventing religion-based hate crime victimization among youth: a systematic review of personal, collective, and policy responses",
journal="Trauma, violence, and abuse",
year="2024",
author="Kaakinen, Markus and Kivivuori, Janne and Litvak, Sophie",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Hate crime victimization targeting the victim's religious identity poses a serious problem for individuals, communities, and societies. This systematic review describes countermeasures to such victimization, aiming for broad descriptive inclusion by canvassing personal adaptations, collective programs, and institutional-governmental policies. Targeting peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2022, we found 44 articles describing measures related to religion-based victimization prevention. We classified the studied measures into 12 main types. The most salient personal adaptations included camouflage-type blending in to avoid victimization, using religion as a source of resilience, and changing routines to deflect risk. At the collective level, mobilizing community resilience, stereotype reduction, and place-based solutions were often researched. The relatively few institutional-level studies addressed measures to enhance the connection between victims and authorities by various means. The experimental studies heavily concentrated on experiments supporting the efficacy of changing people's perceptions as a means of prevention. The review concludes with a discussion about research and policy implications.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1524-8380",
doi="10.1177/15248380241257198",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15248380241257198"
}