@article{ref1,
title="The World Trade Center bombing: injury prevention strategies for high-rise building fires",
journal="Disasters",
year="1996",
author="Klitzman, S. and Noji, E. K. and Sinks, T. and Malilay, Josephine and Davis, Y. M. and Quenemoen, L. E.",
volume="20",
number="2",
pages="125-132",
abstract="The WTC disaster provided an opportunity to look for ways to prevent morbidity among occupants of high-rise buildings during fires. This paper first describes the overall morbidity resulting from the explosion and fire, and second, presents the results of a case-control study carried out to identify risk factors for smoke-related morbidity. The main ones include: increased age, presence of a pre-existing cardio-pulmonary condition, entrapment in a lift and prolonged evacuation time. Study results point to the importance of the following safety systems during high-rise building fires: smoke-control systems with separate emergency power sources; lift-cars, lift-car position-monitoring systems, and lift-car communication systems with separate emergency power sources; two-way emergency communication systems on all floors and in stairwells; stairwells with emergency lighting and designed for the rapid egress of crowds; evacuation systems/equipment to assist in the evacuation of vulnerable people (elderly, infirm). Also important are evacuation plans that include regularly scheduled safety training and evacuation drills.",
language="",
issn="0361-3666",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}