@article{ref1,
title="Expression of direct anger and hostility predict depression symptoms in formerly depressed women",
journal="Canadian journal of behavioural science",
year="2012",
author="Rude, Stephanie S. and Chrisman, Jill G. and Burton Denmark, Adryon and Maestas, Kacey Little",
volume="44",
number="3",
pages="200-209",
abstract="The focus of this two-part study was on distinguishing maladaptive expressions of anger (hostility) from adaptive forms (direct anger). Observational codes assessing the dimensions of hostility and direct anger were developed and applied to a videotaped task in which women discussed a conflictual topic with their romantic partners. Scales showed acceptable interrater reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. In a preliminary test of the predictive validity of these scales, their distinct roles in predicting psychological outcome were supported: Direct anger was negatively related and hostility was positively related to subsequent depressive symptoms in 23 formerly depressed women across a 6-18 month follow-up period. <br><br>RESULTS support the importance of further theoretical and empirical work to delineate adaptive and maladaptive expressions of anger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)<p />",
language="en",
issn="0008-400X",
doi="10.1037/a0027496",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027496"
}