@article{ref1,
title="General deterrence effects of U.S. statutory DUI fine and jail penalties: long-term follow-up in 32 states",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2007",
author="Wagenaar, Alexander C. and Tobler, Amy L. and Maldonado-Molina, Mildred M. and Ma, Linan and Komro, Kelli A. and Erickson, Darin J.",
volume="39",
number="5",
pages="982-994",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: We examined effects of state statutory changes in DUI fine or jail penalties for firsttime offenders from 1976 to 2002. METHODS: A quasi-experimental time-series design was used (n=324 monthly observations). Four outcome measures of drivers involved in alcohol-related fatal crashes are: single-vehicle nighttime, low BAC (0.01-0.07g/dl), medium BAC (0.08-0.14g/dl), high BAC (&gt;/=0.15g/dl). All analyses of BAC outcomes included multiple imputation procedures for cases with missing data. Comparison series of non-alcohol-related crashes were included to efficiently control for effects of other factors. Statistical models include state-specific Box-Jenkins ARIMA models, and pooled general linear mixed models. RESULTS: Twenty-six states implemented mandatory minimum fine policies and 18 states implemented mandatory minimum jail penalties. Estimated effects varied widely from state to state. Using variance weighted meta-analysis methods to aggregate results across states, mandatory fine policies are associated with an average reduction in fatal crash involvement by drivers with BAC&gt;/=0.08g/dl of 8% (averaging 13 per state per year). Mandatory minimum jail policies are associated with a decline in single-vehicle nighttime fatal crash involvement of 6% (averaging 5 per state per year), and a decline in low-BAC cases of 9% (averaging 3 per state per year). No significant effects were observed for the other outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The overall pattern of results suggests a possible effect of mandatory fine policies in some states, but little effect of mandatory jail policies.   <p></p>  <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.003"
}