@article{ref1,
title="A comparison of tactile, visual, and auditory warnings for rear-end collision prevention in simulated driving",
journal="Human factors",
year="2008",
author="Scott, J. J. and Gray, Ron",
volume="50",
number="2",
pages="264-275",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities as a function of warning timing in a driving simulator. BACKGROUND: The proliferation of in-vehicle information and entertainment systems threatens driver attention and may increase the risk of rear-end collisions. Collision warning systems have been shown to improve inattentive and/or distracted driver response time (RT) in rear-end collision situations. However, most previous rear-end collision warning research has not directly compared auditory, visual, and tactile warnings. METHOD: Sixteen participants in a fixed-base driving simulator experienced four warning conditions: no warning, visual, auditory, and tactile. The warnings activated when the time-to-collision (TTC) reached a critical threshold of 3.0 or 5.0 s. Driver RT was captured from a warning below critical threshold to brake initiation. RESULTS: Drivers with a tactile warning had the shortest mean RT. Drivers with a tactile warning had significantly shorter RT than drivers without a warning and had a significant advantage over drivers with visual warnings. CONCLUSION: Tactile warnings show promise as effective rear-end collision warnings. APPLICATION: The results of this study can be applied to the future design and evaluation of automotive warnings designed to reduce rear-end collisions.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}