@article{ref1,
title="Defensive Driving and the External Costs of Accidents and Travel Delays",
journal="Transportation research part B: methodological",
year="2008",
author="Steimetz, Seiji S.C.",
volume="42",
number="9",
pages="703-724",
abstract="A unified model of accident and travel-delay costs describes the role that defensive driving effort plays in balancing these costs, and the costs of effort itself. This motivates a simple method for jointly estimating risk, effort, and travel-delay externalities, which exploits ordinary travel-demand modeling to directly value the congestion that generates these costs. A unique empirical setting also allows for decomposing the joint externality into its travel-delay and accident-related components, with results suggesting that together risk and effort externalities are nearly on par with travel-delay externalities. It is also demonstrated that traditional value-of-time estimates substantially reflect risk and effort costs.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0191-2615",
doi="10.1016/j.trb.2008.01.007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2008.01.007"
}