@article{ref1,
title="Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of neighborhood cohesion and stressors with depressive symptoms in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis",
journal="Annals of epidemiology",
year="2009",
author="Mair, Christina and Diez Roux, Ana V. and Shen, Maurice and Shea, S. and Seeman, Theresa and Echeverria, Sandra E. and O'Meara, Ellen S.",
volume="19",
number="1",
pages="49-57",
abstract="PURPOSE: This study examined associations of neighborhood social cohesion, violence, and aesthetic quality with depressive symptoms among 2,619 healthy adults aged 45-84 years enrolled in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. METHODS: Neighborhood characteristics were estimated by surveying a separate sample of area residents. Measures of aesthetic environment, social cohesion, and violence were combined into a summary score with increasing scores indicating more favorable environments. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Marginal maximum likelihood estimation was used to assess associations of neighborhood characteristics with CES-D score at baseline and with the odds of developing incident depression (CES-D score &gt;/=16 or use of antidepressants) over a 4-5 year follow-up among persons with CES-D less than 16 at baseline. Models were adjusted for age, income, education, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Lower levels of social cohesion and aesthetic quality and higher levels of violence were associated with higher mean CES-D scores in men and women (P for trend &lt;0.01, adjusted mean difference in CES-D per 1 SD increase in summary score -1.01 [95% confidence interval = -1.85, -0.17] and -1.08 [95% confidence interval = -1.88, -0.28] in men and women, respectively). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with incident depression were in the expected direction for women but confidence intervals were wide (odds ratio of incident depression = 0.89 [0.63, 1.26]). No association was seen for men (odds ratio = 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]). CONCLUSION: Neighborhood social cohesion, aesthetic quality, and violence are associated with the presence of depressive symptoms in residents.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1047-2797",
doi="10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.10.002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.10.002"
}