@article{ref1,
title="Reliability and validity of destination-specific barriers to walking and cycling for youth",
journal="Preventive medicine",
year="2008",
author="Forman, Holly and Kerr, Jacqueline and Norman, Gregory J. and Saelens, Brian E. and Durant, Nefertiti H. and Harris, Sion K. and Sallis, James F.",
volume="46",
number="4",
pages="311-316",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To investigate the psychometric properties of a new measure of barriers youth encounter while walking to specific destinations and to validate the measure with self-reported walking to these destinations. METHODS: In 2005 in Boston, Cincinnati and San Diego, parents of youth (n=289, aged 5-18) and adolescents (n=189, aged 12-18) completed surveys in a two-week test-retest study design. Seventeen items assessed participant agreement with the influence of different barriers to walking or cycling to three types of destinations: 1) parks, 2) shops and restaurants and 3) school. Participants also reported whether or not they walked or cycled to the destinations at least once a week. RESULTS: Principal components analysis identified three barrier subscales labeled 'environmental', 'psychosocial/planning', and 'safety', which were consistent across the three destinations and two respondent groups. Internal consistency for the subscales was good (alphas&gt; .70) and two-week test-retest reliability was moderately high (ICCs .56-.81) for both parents and adolescents for all destinations. Psychosocial and environmental barriers were higher in adolescents who did not walk (p&lt; .003). Parents of younger children reported high environmental barriers. CONCLUSION: The three barrier subscales to active commuting to multiple destinations demonstrated good reliability and some initial evidence of validity.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-7435",
doi="10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.006",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.006"
}