@article{ref1,
title="Alcohol-Branded Merchandise and Its Association With Drinking Attitudes and Outcomes in US Adolescents",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2009",
author="McClure, Auden C. and Stoolmiller, Mike and Tanski, Susanne E. and Worth, Keilah A. and Sargent, James D.",
volume="163",
number="3",
pages="211-217",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To describe ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) and its association with attitudinal susceptibility, initiation of alcohol use, and binge drinking. DESIGN: Three-wave longitudinal study. SETTING: Confidential telephone survey. PARTICIPANTS: Representative US sample of 6522 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years at baseline survey (4309 of whom were never-drinkers at 8 months); subjects were resurveyed at 16 and/or 24 months. Main Exposures Ownership of ABM (first assessed at the 8-month survey) and attitudinal susceptibility to alcohol use. OUTCOME MEASURES: Initiation of alcohol use that parents did not know about and binge drinking (>/=5 drinks in a row). RESULTS: Prevalence of ABM ownership ranged from 11% of adolescents (at 8 months) to 20% (at 24 months), which extrapolates to 2.1 to 3.1 million US adolescents, respectively. Clothing and headwear comprised 88% of ABM. Beer brands accounted for 75% of items; 45% of items bore the Budweiser label. Merchandise was obtained primarily from friends and/or family (71%) but was also purchased by the adolescents themselves (24%) at stores. Among never-drinkers, ABM ownership and susceptibility were reciprocally related, each significantly predicting the other during an 8-month period. In turn, we found that ABM ownership and susceptibility predicted both initiation of alcohol use and binge drinking, while controlling for a broad range of covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol-branded merchandise is widely distributed among US adolescents, who obtain the items one-quarter of the time through direct purchase at retail outlets. Among never-drinkers, ABM ownership is independently associated with susceptibility to as well as with initiation of drinking and binge drinking.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.554",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.554"
}