@article{ref1,
title="Cumulative adversity and depressive symptoms among older adults in Israel: the differential roles of self-oriented versus other-oriented events of potential trauma",
journal="Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology",
year="2009",
author="Shmotkin, Dov and Litwin, Howard",
volume="44",
number="11",
pages="989-997",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The study examined the association between cumulative adversity and current depressive symptoms in a national sample of Israelis aged 50+. Referring to cumulative adversity as exposure to potentially traumatic events along life, the study distinguished between events primarily inflicted upon the self (self-oriented adversity) versus upon another person (other-oriented adversity). METHOD: Data were drawn from the Israeli component of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). During 2005-2006, 1710 Jews and Arabs completed an inventory of potentially traumatic events and two measures of depressive symptoms: the European Depression scale (Euro-D) and the Adapted Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (ACES-D). The Euro-D is more detailed in querying cognitions and motivations while the ACES-D is more detailed in querying feelings and social alienation. RESULTS: In line with the hypothesis, self-oriented adversity had a positive association with depressive symptoms whereas other-oriented adversity had either no association or an inverse association with depressive symptoms. Sociodemographic characteristics and perceived health were controlled in the multivariate regressions. CONCLUSIONS: The differential association of self- versus other-oriented adversity with depressive symptoms may be explained in terms of social commitments that are inherent in other-oriented adversity and incompatible with depressive symptoms. The study points to the variations in the symptom compositions represented by the Euro-D and ACES-D, with the latter better capturing the difference between self- and other-oriented adversities.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0933-7954",
doi="10.1007/s00127-009-0020-x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0020-x"
}