@article{ref1,
title="Perturbations in different forms of cost/benefit decision making induced by repeated amphetamine exposure",
journal="Psychopharmacology",
year="2009",
author="Floresco, Stan B. and Whelan, Jennifer M.",
volume="205",
number="2",
pages="189-201",
abstract="RATIONALE: Psychostimulant abuse has been linked to impairments in cost-benefit decision making. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effects of repeated amphetamine (AMPH) treatment in rodents on two distinct forms of decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Separate groups of rats were trained for 26 days on either a probabilistic (risk) or effort-discounting task, each consisting of four discrete blocks of ten choice trials. One lever always delivered a smaller reward (one or two pellets), whereas another lever delivered a four-pellet reward. For risk-discounting, the probability of receiving the larger reward decreased across trial blocks (100-12.5%), whereas on the effort task, four pellets could be obtained after a ratio of presses that increased across blocks (2-20). After training, rats received 15 saline or AMPH injections (escalating from 1 to 5 mg/kg) and were then retested during acute and long-term withdrawal. RESULTS: Repeated AMPH administration increased risky choice 2-3 weeks after drug exposure, whereas these treatments did not alter effort-based decision making in a separate group of animals. However, prior AMPH exposure sensitized the effects of acute AMPH on both forms of decision making, whereby lower doses were effective at inducing &quot;risky&quot; and &quot;lazy&quot; patterns of choice. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated AMPH exposure leads to relatively long-lasting increases in risky choice, as well as sensitization to the effects of acute AMPH on different forms of cost/benefit decision making. These findings suggest that maladaptive decision-making processes exhibited by psychostimulant abusers may be caused in part by repeated drug exposure.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3158",
doi="10.1007/s00213-009-1529-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1529-0"
}