@article{ref1,
title="The Snow Snorkel: a proof of concept study",
journal="Wilderness and environmental medicine",
year="2009",
author="Windsor, J. S. and Hamilton, Edwin and Grocott, Mike P. W. and O'Dwyer, Michael J. and Milledge, James S.",
volume="20",
number="1",
pages="61-65",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that the Snow Snorkel can be used safely by healthy volunteers buried in snow for up to 1 hour. METHODS: Nine healthy male volunteers were placed in a shoulder-width trench and buried with snow to a depth of 30 to 40 cm. The study was divided into 2 stages. The first stage (Stage 1) was performed with the Snow Snorkel in operation (60-minute duration) and was then followed by a second stage (Stage 2) (15-minute duration) when the device was removed. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), axillary temperature (T), and 3-lead electrocardiography (ECG) were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS: Of the 9 volunteers who were enrolled, 7 were able to complete Stage 1, while only 3 were able to complete Stage 2. In those who completed Stage 1, the mean HR fell by 14.1 beats/min (P = .002), while RR (P = .5) and SaO2 (P = .7) remained unchanged compared to baseline measurements. There were no changes in T or ECG. CONCLUSIONS: Simple systems such as the Snow Snorkel are effective during snow burial and warrant further investigation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1080-6032",
doi="10.1580/08-WEME-BR-183.1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/08-WEME-BR-183.1"
}