%0 Journal Article
%T The impact of auditory continual feedback on take-overs in Level 3 automated vehicles
%J Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour
%D 2020
%A Cohen-Lazry, Guy
%A Borowsky, Avinoam
%A Oron-Gilad, Tal
%V 75
%N 
%P 145-159
%X OBJECTIVE To implement auditory continual feedback into the interface design of a Level 3 automated vehicle and to test whether gaze behavior and reaction times of drivers improved in take-over situations.   Background When required to assume manual control in take-over situations, drivers of Level 3 automated vehicles are less likely than conventional drivers to spot potential hazards, and their reaction time is longer. Therefore, it is crucial that the interface of Level 3 automated vehicles will be designed to improve drivers' performance in take-over situations.   Method In two experiments, participants drove a simulated route in a Level 3 automated vehicle for 35 min with one imminent take-over event. Participants' gaze behavior and performance in an imminent take-over event were monitored under one of three auditory interface designs: (1) Continual feedback. A system that provides verbal driving-related feedback; (2) Persistent feedback. A system that provides verbal driving-related feedback and a persistent beep; and (3) Chatter feedback. A system that provides verbal non-driving-related feedback. Also, there was a control group without feedback.   Results Under all three auditory feedback designs, the number of drivers' on-road glances increased compared to no feedback, but none of the designs shortened reaction time to the imminent event.   Conclusion Increasing the number of on-road glances during automated driving does not necessarily improve drivers' attention to the road and their reaction times during take-overs.   Application Possible implications for the effectiveness of auditory continual feedback should be considered when designing interfaces for Level 3 automated vehicles.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
%G en
%I Elsevier Publishing
%@ 1369-8478
%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.10.003