%0 Journal Article
%T Time-aware and temperature-aware fire evacuation path algorithm in IoT-enabled multi-story multi-exit buildings
%J Sensors (Basel)
%D 2021
%A Yen, Hong-Hsu
%A Lin, Cheng-Han
%A Tsao, Hung-Wei
%V 21
%N 1
%P e111-e111
%X Temperature sensors with a communication capability can help monitor and report temperature values to a control station, which enables dynamic and real-time  evacuation paths in fire emergencies. As compared to traditional approaches that  identify a one-shot fire evacuation path, in this paper, we develop an intelligent  algorithm that can identify time-aware and temperature-aware fire evacuation paths  by considering temperature changes at different time slots in multi-story and  multi-exit buildings. We first propose a method that can map three-dimensional  multi-story multi-exit buildings into a two-dimensional graph. Then, a mathematical  optimization model is proposed to capture this time-aware and temperature-aware  evacuation path problem in multi-story multi-exit buildings. Six fire evacuation  algorithms (BFS, SP, DBFS, TABFS, TASP and TADBFS) are proposed to identify the  efficient evacuation path. The first three algorithms that do not address human  temperature limit constraints can be used by rescue robots or firemen with  fire-proof suits. The last three algorithms that address human temperature limit  constraints can be used by evacuees in terms of total time slots and total  temperature on the evacuation path. In the computational experiments, the open space  building and the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall are all tested to verify the solution  quality of these six algorithms. From the computational results, TABFS, TASP and  TADBF identify almost the same evacuation path in open space building and the Taipei  101 Shopping Mall. BFS, SP DBFS can locate marginally better results in terms of  evacuation time and total temperature on the evacuation path. When considering  evacuating a group of evacuees, the computational time of the evacuation algorithm  is very important in a time-limited evacuation process. Considering the extreme case  of seven fires in eight emergency exits in the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall, the golden  window for evacuation is 15 time slots. Only TABFS and TADBFS are applicable to  evacuate 1200 people in the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall when one time slot is setting  as one minute. The computational results show that the capacity limit for the Taipei  101 Shopping Mall is 800 people in the extreme case of seven fires. In this case,  when the number of people in the building is less than 700, TADBFS should be  adopted. When the number of people in the building is greater than 700, TABFS can  evacuate more people than TADBFS. Besides identifying an efficient evacuation path,  another significant contribution of this paper is to identify the best sensor  density deployment at large buildings like the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall in  considering the fire evacuation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
%G en
%I MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
%@ 1424-8220
%U http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010111