TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2009//
TI  - The effect of lower limb muscle contractions on the impact acceleration behaviour of medial knee in low-speed pedestrian impact
JO  - International journal of vehicle design
A1  - Hong, Junghwa
A1  - Min, Sung-Kil
A1  - Eom, Gwang-Moon
A1  - Park, Byung Kyu
A1  - Chae, Soo Won
A1  - Kim, Dong-Sik
SP  - 359 
EP  -  373
VL  - 51
IS  - 3/4
N2  - For accurate analysis in low-speed collisions, roles of muscle in the low extremities are included in a finite element (FE) human model. The impact accelerations were estimated for vehicle-pedestrian collisions with and without muscle activations under 10 km/hour. The predicted acceleration at the medial knee was verified by the actual tests performed at 2.88 km/hour. Then, experiments were performed using a sled to obtain muscle activations, and impact accelerations of the subjects. More analyses were performed using the FE human model at 5 and 10 km/hour to understand effects of muscle activations on impact accelerations. At the lowest impact speed, the reduction of acceleration was 20% when the result with muscle activations was compared to that without muscle activations. The reduction was decreased to 12% at 5 km/hour. At 10 km/hour, the reduction was insignificant but existed to as much as 3%. Therefore, muscle activations in the lower limbs are important when the impact velocity is lower than 10 km/hour.<p /> 
LA  - en
SN  - 0143-3369
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2009.027962
ID  - ref1
ER  -