TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2009//
TI  - Anatomy of a surrogate: historical precedents and implications for contemporary counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism
JO  - Small wars and insurgencies
A1  - Hughes, Geraint
A1  - Tripodi, Christian
SP  - 1
EP  - 35
VL  - 20
IS  - 1
N2  - This article examines the ways and means in which states employ irregular and indigenous personnel in a counter-insurgency (COIN) or counter-terrorist (CT) campaign, in the historical and contemporary context. The authors clarify the terminology surrounding this neglected area of COIN/CT theory, and identify four types of indigenous assistance – individual actors (trackers, interpreters, informers and agents); home guards and militias; counter-gangs; and pseudo-gangs. This article concludes that while the use of such indigenous irregulars has its advantages for the state and its armed/security forces (particularly as far as intelligence, local knowledge and undermining the insurgent's cause is concerned), it can also have serious practical and ethical implications for a COIN/CT campaign, and can have unexpected and unwelcome consequences including violations of laws of armed conflict, the undermining of governmental authority and the prospects of endemic internal strife and state collapse.<p />
LA  - 
SN  - 0959-2318
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310802571552
ID  - ref1
ER  -