TY  - JOUR
PY  - 1965//
TI  - Electricity in Volcanic Clouds: Investigations show that lightning can result from charge-separation processes in a volcanic crater
JO  - Science
A1  - Anderson, R.
A1  - Gathman, S.
A1  - Hughes, Judith
A1  - Björnsson, S.
A1  - Jónasson, S.
A1  - Blanchard, D. Caroline
A1  - Moore, C. B.
A1  - Survilas, H. J.
A1  - Vonnegut, B.
SP  - 1179
EP  - 1189
VL  - 148
IS  - 3674
N2  - In November of 1963 an oceanic volcano produced an island, Surtsey, just off the southern coast of Iceland. The volcanic crater was often flooded with sea water. Vigorous eruptions of steam and tephra were accompanied by an enhancement of the normal fine-weather potential gradient, and lightning was often observed. Measurements of atmospheric electricity and visual and photographic observations lead us to believe that the electrical activity is caused by the ejection from the volcano into the atmosphere of material carrying a large positive charge. The concentration of charge in the eruption plume as it issued from the orifice of the volcano is estimated to be of the order of 10(5) or 10(6) elementary charges per cubic centimeter.<p /> <p>Language: en</p> 
LA  - en
SN  - 0036-8075
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.148.3674.1179
ID  - ref1
ER  -