TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2004//
TI  - Penalty Enhancement for Hate Crimes: An Economic Analysis
JO  - American law and economics review
A1  - Dharmapala, D.
A1  - Garoupa, N
SP  - 185
EP  - 207
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
N2  - This article develops an economic analysis of penalty enhancements for bias-motivated (or "hate") crimes. Our model allows potential offenders' benefits from a crime to depend on the victim's group identity, and assumes that potential victims have the opportunity to undertake socially costly victimization avoidance activities. We derive the result that a pattern of crimes disproportionately targeting an identifiable group leads to greater social harm (even when the harm to an individual victim from a bias-motivated crime is identical to that from an equivalent non-hate crime). In addition, we consider a number of other issues related to hate crime laws.<p /> 
LA  - 
SN  - 1465-7252
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahh001
ID  - ref1
ER  -