TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2007//
TI  - Military fatality rates (by cause) in Afghanistan and Iraq: a measure of hostilities
JO  - International journal of epidemiology
A1  - Bird, Sheila M.
A1  - Fairweather, Clive B.
SP  - 841
EP  - 846
VL  - 36
IS  - 4
N2  - BACKGROUND: Military fatalities occur in clusters, and causes differ between theatres of operation or within-theatre over time. AIM: Based on around 500 coalition deaths, identify major causes in Iraq and Afghanistan. For consecutive periods (1: May 1 to September 17, 2006, 2: September 18, 2006 to February 4, 2007), ascertain UK and others' numbers deployed to compare fatality rates per 1000-personnel years. Take account of clustering: deaths per fatal improvised explosive device (IED) incident, and in making short-term projections for Afghanistan. METHODS: Cause and date of coalition deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan are as listed in http://www.iCasualties.org, where each death is designated as hostile or non-hostile. Numbers deployed in 2006 were available for UK and Canada, and for US to Iraq. FINDINGS: Out of 537 coalition fatalities in Iraq in 2006 to September 17, 2006, 457 (85%) were hostile, but only half were in Afghanistan (October 2001 to September 17, 2006: 52%, 249/478). Air losses accounted for 5% fatalities in Iraq, but 32% in Afghanistan. IEDs claimed three out of five hostile deaths in Iraq, only a quarter in Afghanistan. Deaths per fatal IED incident averaged 1.5. In period 1, 50/117 military deaths in Afghanistan were UK or Canadian from 6750 personnel, a fatality rate of 19/1000/year, nearly four times the US rate of 5/1000/year in Iraq (based on 280 deaths). Sixty out of 117 fatalities in Afghanistan occurred as clusters of two or more deaths. In period 2, fatality rates changed: down by two-thirds in Afghanistan for UK and Canadian forces to 6/1000/year (18 deaths), up by 46% for US troops in Iraq to 7.5/1000/year (416 deaths). INTERPRETATION: Rate, and cause, of military fatalities are capable of abrupt change, as happened in Iraq (rate) and Afghanistan (rate and cause) between consecutive 140-day periods. Forecasts can be wide of the mark.<p /> <p>Language: en</p> 
LA  - en
SN  - 0300-5771
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym103
ID  - ref1
ER  -