TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2008//
TI  - Conceptualization and treatment of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
JO  - Journal of trauma and dissociation
A1  - Quinn, Maria
A1  - Schofield, Margot J.
A1  - Middleton, Warwick
SP  - 63
EP  - 84
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
N2  - Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) frequently present co-morbidly with a range of somatic and psychiatric conditions. This review discusses the relationship between PNES, a number of co-morbid psychiatric symptoms, early attachment trauma, and disruption of neurological development. We suggest that it may be clinically useful to understand PNES with reference to three patterns of co-morbidity and trauma history. In the first group, PNES are one symptom of a response to severe, chronic trauma and invalidation in attachment relationships, or a response to a recent event that overwhelms an emotion regulation system shaped by attachment trauma. For a second group, PNES occur in the context of ongoing interruptions to self and memory with or without a history of attachment trauma. For a third group, PNES occur in the absence of extensive co-morbidity and apparent trauma, primarily as a panic reaction, in a population with under-developed emotion regulation skills. Treatment approaches consistent with these conceptualizations are suggested.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1529-9732
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -