TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2011//
TI  - Basic Emotion Questions
JO  - Emotion review
A1  - Levenson, Robert W.
SP  - 379
EP  - 386
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
N2  - Among discrete emotions, basic emotions are the most elemental; most distinct; most continuous across species, time, and place; and most intimately related to survival-critical functions. For an emotion to be afforded basic emotion status it must meet criteria of: (a) distinctness (primarily in behavioral and physiological characteristics), (b) hard-wiredness (circuitry built into the nervous system), and (c) functionality (provides a generalized solution to a particular survival-relevant challenge or opportunity). A set of six emotions that most clearly meet these criteria (enjoyment, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, sadness) and three additional emotions (relief/contentment, interest, love) for which the evidence is not yet quite as strong is described. Empirical approaches that are most and least useful for establishing basic-emotion status are discussed. Basic emotions are thought to have a central organizing mechanism and to have the capacity to influence behavior, thoughts, and other fundamental processes.<p /> 
LA  - 
SN  - 1754-0739
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410743
ID  - ref1
ER  -