TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2012//
TI  - Measurements and standards for bulk-explosives detection
JO  - Applied radiation and isotopes
A1  - Hudson, Larry
A1  - Bateman, Fred
A1  - Bergstrom, Paul
A1  - Cerra, Frank
A1  - Glover, Jack
A1  - Minniti, Ronaldo
A1  - Seltzer, Stephen
A1  - Tosh, Ronald
SP  - 1037
EP  - 1041
VL  - 70
IS  - 7
N2  - Recent years have seen a dramatic expansion in the application of radiation and isotopes to security screening. This has been driven primarily by increased incidents involving improvised explosive devices as well as their ease of assembly and leveraged disruption of transportation and commerce. With global expenditures for security-screening systems in the hundreds of billions of dollars, there is a pressing need to develop, apply, and harmonize standards for x-ray and gamma-ray screening systems used to detect explosives and other contraband. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has been facilitating the development of standard measurement tools that can be used to gauge the technical performance (imaging quality) and radiation safety of systems used to screen luggage, persons, vehicles, cargo, and left-behind objects. After a review of this new suite of national standard test methods, test objects, and radiation-measurement protocols, we highlight some of the technical trends that are enhancing the revision of baseline standards. Finally we advocate a more intentional use of technical-performance standards by security stakeholders and outline the advantages this would accrue.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0969-8043
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.11.029
ID  - ref1
ER  -