TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2012//
TI  - Grayanotoxin Poisoning: 'Mad Honey Disease' and Beyond
JO  - Cardiovascular toxicology
A1  - Jansen, Suze A.
A1  - Kleerekooper, Iris
A1  - Hofman, Zonne L. M.
A1  - Kappen, Isabelle F. P. M.
A1  - Stary-Weinzinger, Anna
A1  - van der Heyden, Marcel A. G.
SP  - 208
EP  - 215
VL  - 12
IS  - 3
N2  - Many plants of the Ericaceae family, Rhododendron, Pieris, Agarista and Kalmia, contain diterpene grayanotoxins. Consumption of grayanotoxin containing leaves, flowers or secondary products as honey may result in intoxication specifically characterized by dizziness, hypotension and atrial-ventricular block. Symptoms are caused by an inability to inactivate neural sodium ion channels resulting in continuous increased vagal tone. Grayanotoxin containing products are currently sold online, which may pose an increasing risk. In humans, intoxication is rarely lethal, in contrast to cattle and pet poisoning cases. Scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of grayanotoxin containing preparations, such as honey or herbal preparation in use in folk medicine, is scarce, and such use may even be harmful.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1530-7905
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2
ID  - ref1
ER  -