TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2013//
TI  - Multiple MDMA (Ecstasy) Overdoses at a Rave Event: A Case Series
JO  - Journal of intensive care medicine
A1  - Armenian, Patil
A1  - Mamantov, Tanya M.
A1  - Tsutaoka, Ben T.
A1  - Gerona, Roy R. L.
A1  - Silman, Eric F.
A1  - Wu, Alan H. B.
A1  - Olson, Kent R.
SP  - 252
EP  - 258
VL  - 28
IS  - 4
N2  - Twelve patients with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity from a single rave event presented to multiple San Francisco Bay area hospitals with various life-threatening complications including seizures and hyperthermia. Eight required emergent endotracheal intubation and six had hypotension. Hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis were present in most of the patients. In all, 2 patients died, 4 survived with permanent neurologic, musculoskeletal, and/or renal sequelae, and 6 survived without any apparent lasting deficits. Hyperthermia was present in 10 patients and was severe (40.9-43° C) in 7. Using multiple cooling methods, the average time to achieve cooling was 2.7 hours. Serum drug analysis was performed on 3 patients, demonstrating toxic MDMA concentrations without the presence of other xenobiotics. Two capsules confiscated by police at the event contained 82% and 98% MDMA, respectively, without other pharmacologically active compounds. Capsule #2 contained 270 mg MDMA, which is more than twice the amount of MDMA usually contained in 1 dose. The MDMA-induced hyperthermia significantly contributed to the morbidity and mortality in this case series. Factors contributing to the severity of the hyperthermia include ingestion of large doses of MDMA, a warm ambient environment, and physical exertion.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0885-0666
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066612445982
ID  - ref1
ER  -