TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2012//
TI  - Labeling and cumulative disadvantage the impact of formal police intervention on life chances and crime during emerging adulthood
JO  - Crime and delinquency
A1  - Lopes, Giza
A1  - Krohn, Marvin D.
A1  - Lizotte, Alan J.
A1  - Schmidt, Nicole M.
A1  - Vásquez, Bob Edward
A1  - Bernburg, Jon Gunnar
SP  - 456
EP  - 488
VL  - 58
IS  - 3
N2  - Research in labeling theory has been revived recently, particularly in relation to the effect of labeling on critical noncriminal outcomes that potentially exacerbate involvement in crime. This study partakes in that revitalization by examining direct and indirect effects of police intervention in the lives of adolescents who were followed into their 30s. The authors find that early police intervention is indirectly related to drug use at the ages of 29 to 31, as well as unemployment and welfare receipt. Given that such effects were found some 15 years after the labeling event, on criminal and noncriminal outcomes, and after controlling for intraindividual factors, the authors conclude that the labeling perspective is still relevant within a developmental framework.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0011-1287
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712436414
ID  - ref1
ER  -