TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2011//
TI  - Effects of mobile phone use on accident risk: problems of meta-analysis when studies are few and bad
JO  - Transportation research record
A1  - Elvik, Rune
SP  - 20
EP  - 26
VL  - 2236
IS  - 
N2  - This paper provides a meta-analysis of studies that have evaluated the effects of the use of a mobile phone while a person is driving on the risk of accident. The paper illustrates the difficulties of doing meta-analyses when studies are few and bad. Two main groups of studies were formed: one consisted of six studies that reported the actual use of mobile phones at the time of an accident; the other consisted of seven studies with less-precise information about the use of mobile phones at the time of accident. One study belonged to both groups. Study findings were heterogeneous even within these small groups. The trim-and-fill technique suggested the presence of publication bias, but its effects on summary estimates of risk varied according to whether a fixed-effects or random effects model of meta-analysis was used. Evidence from the epidemiological studies was not consistent with the findings of effects on driver behavior from driving simulator studies.<p /> 
LA  - en
SN  - 0361-1981
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2236-03
ID  - ref1
ER  -