TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2013//
TI  - Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
JO  - Lancet
A1  - Murray, Christopher J. L.
A1  - Vos, Theo
A1  - Lozano, Rafael
A1  - Naghavi, Mohsen
A1  - Flaxman, Abraham D.
A1  - Michaud, Catherine
A1  - Ezzati, Majid
A1  - Shibuya, Kenji
A1  - Salomon, Joshua A.
A1  - Abdalla, Safa
A1  - Aboyans, Victor
A1  - Abraham, Jerry
A1  - Ackerman, Ilana N.
A1  - Aggarwal, Rakesh
A1  - Ahn, Stephanie Y.
A1  - Ali, Mohammed K.
A1  - Alvarado, Miriam
A1  - Anderson, H. Ross
A1  - Anderson, Laurie M.
A1  - Andrews, Kathryn G.
A1  - Atkinson, Charles
A1  - Baddour, Larry M.
A1  - Bahalim, Adil N.
A1  - Barker-Collo, Suzanne
A1  - Barrero, Lope H.
A1  - Bartels, David H.
A1  - Basáñez, Maria-Gloria
A1  - Baxter, Amanda
A1  - Bell, Michelle L.
A1  - Benjamin, Emelia J.
A1  - Bennett, Derrick
A1  - Bernabé, Eduardo
A1  - Bhalla, Kavi S.
A1  - Bhandari, Bishal
A1  - Bikbov, Boris
A1  - Abdulhak, Aref Bin
A1  - Birbeck, Gretchen
A1  - Black, James A.
A1  - Blencowe, Hannah
A1  - Blore, Jed D.
A1  - Blyth, Fiona
A1  - Bolliger, Ian W.
A1  - Bonaventure, Audrey
A1  - Boufous, Soufiane
A1  - Bourne, Rupert
A1  - Boussinesq, Michel
A1  - Braithwaite, Tasanee
A1  - Brayne, Carol E.
A1  - Bridgett, Lisa
A1  - Brooker, Simon
A1  - Brooks, Peter
A1  - Brugha, Traolach S.
A1  - Bryan-Hancock, Claire
A1  - Bucello, Chiara
A1  - Buchbinder, Rachelle
A1  - Buckle, Geoffrey
A1  - Budke, Christine M.
A1  - Burch, Michael
A1  - Burney, Peter
A1  - Burstein, Roy
A1  - Calabria, Bianca
A1  - Campbell, Benjamin
A1  - Canter, Charles E.
A1  - Carabin, Hélène
A1  - Carapetis, Jonathan
A1  - Carmona, Loreto
A1  - Cella, Claudia
A1  - Charlson, Fiona J.
A1  - Chen, Honglei
A1  - Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann
A1  - Chou, David
A1  - Chugh, Sumeet S.
A1  - Coffeng, Luc E.
A1  - Colan, Steven D.
A1  - Colquhoun, Samantha
A1  - Colson, K. Ellicott
A1  - Condon, John
A1  - Connor, Myles D.
A1  - Cooper, Leslie T.
A1  - Corriere, Matthew
A1  - Cortinovis, Monica
A1  - de Vaccaro, Karen Courville
A1  - Couser, William
A1  - Cowie, Benjamin C.
A1  - Criqui, Michael H.
A1  - Cross, Marita
A1  - Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C.
A1  - Dahiya, Manu
A1  - Dahodwala, Nabila
A1  - Damsere-Derry, James
A1  - Danaei, Goodarz
A1  - Davis, Adrian
A1  - De Leo, Diego
A1  - Degenhardt, Louisa
A1  - Dellavalle, Robert P.
A1  - Delossantos, Allyne
A1  - Denenberg, Julie
A1  - Derrett, Sarah
A1  - Des Jarlais, Don C.
A1  - Dharmaratne, Samath D.
A1  - Dherani, Mukesh
A1  - Diaz-Torne, Cesar
A1  - Dolk, Helen
A1  - Dorsey, E. Ray
A1  - Driscoll, Tim
A1  - Duber, Herbert
A1  - Ebel, Beth E.
A1  - Edmond, Karen
A1  - Elbaz, Alexis
A1  - Ali, Suad Eltahir
A1  - Erskine, Holly
A1  - Erwin, Patricia J.
A1  - Espindola, Patricia
A1  - Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E.
A1  - Farzadfar, Farshad
A1  - Feigin, Valery L.
A1  - Felson, David T.
A1  - Ferrari, Alize
A1  - Ferri, Cleusa P.
A1  - Fèvre, Eric M.
A1  - Finucane, Mariel M.
A1  - Flaxman, Seth
A1  - Flood, Louise
A1  - Foreman, Kyle
A1  - Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.
A1  - Fowkes, Francis Gerry R.
A1  - Fransen, Marlene
A1  - Freeman, Michael K.
A1  - Gabbe, Belinda J.
A1  - Gabriel, Sherine E.
A1  - Gakidou, Emmanuela
A1  - Ganatra, Hammad A.
A1  - Garcia, Bianca
A1  - Gaspari, Flavio
A1  - Gillum, Richard F.
A1  - Gmel, Gerhard
A1  - Gonzalez-Medina, Diego
A1  - Gosselin, Richard A.
A1  - Grainger, Rebecca
A1  - Groeger, Justina L.
A1  - Guillemin, Francis
A1  - Gunnell, David
A1  - Gupta, Ramyani
A1  - Haagsma, Juanita Antje
A1  - Hagan, Holly
A1  - Halasa, Yara A.
A1  - Hall, Wayne
A1  - Haring, Diana
A1  - Haro, Josep Maria
A1  - Harrison, James Edward
A1  - Havmoeller, Rasmus
A1  - Hay, Roderick J.
A1  - Higashi, Hideki
A1  - Hill, Catherine
A1  - Hoen, Bruno
A1  - Hoffman, Howard
A1  - Hotez, Peter J.
A1  - Hoy, Damian G.
A1  - Huang, John J.
A1  - Ibeanusi, Sydney E.
A1  - Jacobsen, Kathryn H.
A1  - James, Spencer L.
A1  - Jarvis, Deborah
A1  - Jasrasaria, Rashmi
A1  - Jayaraman, Sudha
A1  - Johns, Nicole
A1  - Jonas, Jost B.
A1  - Karthikeyan, Ganesan
A1  - Kassebaum, Nicholas
A1  - Kawakami, Norito
A1  - Keren, Andre
A1  - Khoo, Jon-Paul
A1  - King, Charles H.
A1  - Knowlton, Lisa Marie
A1  - Kobusingye, Olive Chifefe
A1  - Koranteng, Adofo
A1  - Krishnamurthi, Rita
A1  - Laden, Francine
A1  - Lalloo, Ratilal
A1  - Laslett, Laura L.
A1  - Lathlean, Tim
A1  - Leasher, Janet L.
A1  - Lee, Yong Yi
A1  - Leigh, James
A1  - Levinson, Daphna
A1  - Lim, Stephen S.
A1  - Limb, Elizabeth
A1  - Lin, John Kent
A1  - Lipnick, Michael
A1  - Lipshultz, Steven E.
A1  - Liu, Wei
A1  - Loane, Maria
A1  - Ohno, Summer Lockett
A1  - Lyons, Ronan Anthony
A1  - Mabweijano, Jacqueline
A1  - Macintyre, Michael F.
A1  - Malekzadeh, Reza
A1  - Mallinger, Leslie
A1  - Manivannan, Sivabalan
A1  - Marcenes, Wagner
A1  - March, Lyn
A1  - Margolis, David J.
A1  - Marks, Guy B.
A1  - Marks, Robin
A1  - Matsumori, Akira
A1  - Matzopoulos, Richard
A1  - Mayosi, Bongani M.
A1  - McAnulty, John H.
A1  - McDermott, Mary M.
A1  - McGill, Neil
A1  - McGrath, John
A1  - Medina-Mora, Maria Elena
A1  - Meltzer, Michele
A1  - Mensah, George A.
A1  - Merriman, Tony R.
A1  - Meyer, Ana-Claire
A1  - Miglioli, Valeria
A1  - Miller, Matthew C.
A1  - Miller, Ted R.
A1  - Mitchell, Philip B.
A1  - Mock, Charles
A1  - Mocumbi, Ana Olga
A1  - Moffitt, Terrie E.
A1  - Mokdad, Ali A.
A1  - Monasta, Lorenzo
A1  - Montico, Marcella
A1  - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
A1  - Moran, Andrew
A1  - Morawska, Lidia
A1  - Mori, Rintaro
A1  - Murdoch, Michele E.
A1  - Mwaniki, Michael K.
A1  - Naidoo, Kovin
A1  - Nair, M. Nathan
A1  - Naldi, Luigi
A1  - Narayan, K. M. Venkat
A1  - Nelson, Paul K.
A1  - Nelson, Robert G.
A1  - Nevitt, Michael C.
A1  - Newton, Charles R.
A1  - Nolte, Sandra
A1  - Norman, Philip
A1  - Norman, Rosana
A1  - O'Donnell, Martin
A1  - O'Hanlon, Simon
A1  - Olives, Casey
A1  - Omer, Saad B.
A1  - Ortblad, Katrina
A1  - Osborne, Richard
A1  - Ozgediz, Doruk
A1  - Page, Andrew
A1  - Pahari, Bishnu
A1  - Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
A1  - Rivero, Andrea Panozo
A1  - Patten, Scott B.
A1  - Pearce, Neil
A1  - Padilla, Rogelio Perez
A1  - Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
A1  - Perico, Norberto
A1  - Pesudovs, Konrad
A1  - Phillips, David
A1  - Phillips, Michael R.
A1  - Pierce, Kelsey
A1  - Pion, Sébastien
A1  - Polanczyk, Guilherme V.
A1  - Polinder, Suzanne
A1  - Pope, C. Arden
A1  - Popova, Svetlana
A1  - Porrini, Esteban
A1  - Pourmalek, Farshad
A1  - Prince, Martin
A1  - Pullan, Rachel L.
A1  - Ramaiah, Kapa D.
A1  - Ranganathan, Dharani
A1  - Razavi, Homie
A1  - Regan, Mathilda
A1  - Rehm, Jürgen T.
A1  - Rein, David B.
A1  - Remuzzi, Guiseppe
A1  - Richardson, Kathryn
A1  - Rivara, Frederick P.
A1  - Roberts, Thomas
A1  - Robinson, Carolyn
A1  - De Leòn, Felipe Rodriguez
A1  - Ronfani, Luca
A1  - Room, Robin G. W.
A1  - Rosenfeld, Lisa C.
A1  - Rushton, Lesley
A1  - Sacco, Ralph L.
A1  - Saha, Sukanta
A1  - Sampson, Uchechukwu
A1  - Sanchez-Riera, Lidia
A1  - Sanman, Ella
A1  - Schwebel, David C.
A1  - Scott, James Graham
A1  - Segui-Gomez, Maria
A1  - Shahraz, Saeid
A1  - Shepard, Donald S.
A1  - Shin, Hwashin
A1  - Shivakoti, Rupak
A1  - Singh, David
A1  - Singh, Gitanjali M.
A1  - Singh, Jasvinder A.
A1  - Singleton, Jessica
A1  - Sleet, David A.
A1  - Sliwa, Karen
A1  - Smith, Emma
A1  - Smith, Jennifer L.
A1  - Stapelberg, Nicolas Jc
A1  - Steer, Andrew
A1  - Steiner, Timothy
A1  - Stolk, Wilma A.
A1  - Stovner, Lars Jacob
A1  - Sudfeld, Christopher
A1  - Syed, Sana
A1  - Tamburlini, Giorgio
A1  - Tavakkoli, Mohammad
A1  - Taylor, Hugh R.
A1  - Taylor, Jennifer A.
A1  - Taylor, William J.
A1  - Thomas, Bernadette
A1  - Thomson, W. Murray
A1  - Thurston, George D.
A1  - Tleyjeh, Imad M.
A1  - Tonelli, Marcello
A1  - Towbin, Jeffrey A.
A1  - Truelsen, Thomas
A1  - Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K.
A1  - Ubeda, Clotilde
A1  - Undurraga, Eduardo A.
A1  - van der Werf, Marieke J.
A1  - van Os, Jim
A1  - Vavilala, Monica S.
A1  - Venketasubramanian, N.
A1  - Wang, Mengru
A1  - Wang, Wenzhi
A1  - Watt, Kerrianne
A1  - Weatherall, David J.
A1  - Weinstock, Martin A.
A1  - Weintraub, Robert
A1  - Weisskopf, Marc G.
A1  - Weissman, Myrna M.
A1  - White, Richard A.
A1  - Whiteford, Harvey
A1  - Wiebe, Natasha
A1  - Wiersma, Steven T.
A1  - Wilkinson, James D.
A1  - Williams, Hywel C.
A1  - Williams, Sean Rm
A1  - Witt, Emma
A1  - Wolfe, Frederick
A1  - Woolf, Anthony D.
A1  - Wulf, Sarah
A1  - Yeh, Pon-Hsiu
A1  - Zaidi, Anita Km
A1  - Zheng, Zhi-Jie
A1  - Zonies, David
A1  - Lopez, Alan D.
A1  - Grant, Bridget
SP  - 2197
EP  - 2223
VL  - 380
IS  - 9859
N2  - BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2·503 billion) to 2010 (2·490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43% from non-communicable diseases, and 10% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35%, 54%, and 11%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0140-6736
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
ID  - ref1
ER  -