TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2008//
TI  - Human, transhuman, posthuman: Implications of evolution-by-design for human security
JO  - Journal of human security
A1  - McIntosh, Daniel
SP  - 4
EP  - 20
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
N2  - Developments in genetics, cyber-technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and other areas hold the promise-and the peril-of redefining what it means to be human. At the same time, competitive pressures among states, firms, and emerging 'superempowered individuals' encourages the development and dissemination of these technologies. An emerging 'transhuman' movement, complete with a political program, has so far tended to systematically underestimate the security implications of directed evolution, even as the possibilities of these tools to produce a competitive advantage are being explored by actors in conflict. This paper explores the consequences of what Francis Fukuyama has called 'the most dangerous idea'-the potential modification of human nature-for global and human security. It finds that directed evolution and transhuman technologies will affect lives, liberty, and justice on a fundamental level. They will not solve the problems of human security. Politics and security will continue to challenge our descendents, whatever forms or enhancements they possess.<p />
LA  - en
SN  - 1835-3800
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3316/JHS0403004
ID  - ref1
ER  -