TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2002//
TI  - Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology
JO  - Journal of Social Issues
A1  - McDevitt, Judith
A1  - Levin, Jonathan
A1  - Bennett, Stephanie
SP  - 303
EP  - 317
VL  - 58
IS  - 2
N2  - Little research has been conducted to determine the motivations of hate crime offenders. This article builds on an earlier work of J. Levin and McDevitt (1993) in which a typology of offender motivations was first articulated. We reanalyze 169 Boston police case files that were originally studied in order to provide empirical grounding for the typology. In this updated study, characteristics of the three original motives-thrill, defensive, and mission-are examined in relation to a new category: retaliatory motivation. In addition, the article addresses the issue of levels of culpability in explaining the most appropriate sanctions for certain kinds of hate offenders.<p />
LA  - en
SN  - 0022-4537
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00262
ID  - ref1
ER  -