TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2014//
TI  - On-line and model-based approaches to the visual control of action
JO  - Vision research
A1  - Zhao, Huaiyong
A1  - Warren, William H.
SP  - 190
EP  - 202
VL  - 110
IS  - Pt B
N2  - Two general approaches to the visual control of action have emerged in last few decades, known as the on-line and model-based approaches. The key difference between them is whether action is controlled by current visual information or on the basis of an internal world model. In this paper, we evaluate three hypotheses: strong on-line control, strong model-based control, and a hybrid solution that combines on-line control with weak off-line strategies. We review experimental research on the control of locomotion and manual actions, which indicates that (a) an internal world model is neither sufficient nor necessary to control action at normal levels of performance; (b) current visual information is necessary and sufficient to control action at normal levels; and (c) under certain conditions (e.g. occlusion) action is controlled by less accurate, simple strategies such as heuristics, visual-motor mappings, or spatial memory. We conclude that the strong model-based hypothesis is not sustainable. Action is normally controlled on-line when current information is available, consistent with the strong on-line control hypothesis. In exceptional circumstances, action is controlled by weak, context-specific, off-line strategies. This hybrid solution is comprehensive, parsimonious, and able to account for a variety of tasks under a range of visual conditions.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0042-6989
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.008
ID  - ref1
ER  -