TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2015//
TI  - Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
JO  - BMJ
A1  - Virtanen, Marianna
A1  - Jokela, Markus
A1  - Nyberg, Solja T.
A1  - Madsen, Ida E. H.
A1  - Lallukka, Tea
A1  - Ahola, Kirsi
A1  - Alfredsson, Lars
A1  - Batty, G. David
A1  - Bjorner, Jakob B.
A1  - Borritz, Marianne
A1  - Burr, Hermann
A1  - Casini, Annalisa
A1  - Clays, Els
A1  - De Bacquer, Dirk
A1  - Dragano, Nico
A1  - Erbel, Raimund
A1  - Ferrie, Jane E.
A1  - Fransson, Eleonor I.
A1  - Hamer, Mark
A1  - Heikkilä, Katriina
A1  - Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
A1  - Kittel, France
A1  - Knutsson, Anders
A1  - Koskenvuo, Markku
A1  - Ladwig, Karl-Heinz
A1  - Lunau, Thorsten
A1  - Nielsen, Martin L.
A1  - Nordin, Maria
A1  - Oksanen, Tuula
A1  - Pejtersen, Jan H.
A1  - Pentti, Jaana
A1  - Rugulies, Reiner
A1  - Salo, Paula
A1  - Schupp, Jürgen
A1  - Siegrist, Johannes
A1  - Singh-Manoux, Archana
A1  - Steptoe, Andrew
A1  - Suominen, Sakari B.
A1  - Theorell, Tores
A1  - Vahtera, Jussi
A1  - Wagner, Gert G.
A1  - Westerholm, Peter J. M.
A1  - Westerlund, Hugo
A1  - Kivimaki, Mika
SP  - g7772
EP  - g7772
VL  - 350
IS  - 
N2  - OBJECTIVE: To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use. <br><br>DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies. REVIEW METHODS: The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression. <br><br>RESULTS: Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0959-535X
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -