TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2015//
TI  - What startles tell us about control of posture and gait
JO  - Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
A1  - Nonnekes, Jorik
A1  - Carpenter, Mark G.
A1  - Inglis, J. Timothy
A1  - Duysens, Jacques
A1  - Weerdesteyn, Vivian
SP  - 131
EP  - 138
VL  - 53
IS  - 
N2  - Recently, there has been an increase in studies evaluating startle reflexes and StartReact, many in tasks involving postural control and gait. These studies have provided important new insights. First, several experiments indicate a superimposition of startle reflex activity on the postural response during unexpected balance perturbations. Overlap in the expression of startle reflexes and postural responses emphasizes the possibility of, at least partly, a common substrate for these two types of behavior. Second, it is recognized that the range of behaviors, susceptible to StartReact, has expanded considerably. Originally this work was concentrated on simple voluntary ballistic movements, but gait initiation, online step adjustments and postural responses can be initiated earlier by a startling stimulus as well, indicating advanced motor preparation of posture and gait. Third, recent experiments on StartReact using TMS and patients with corticospinal lesions suggest that this motor preparation involves a close interaction between cortical and subcortical structures. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on startle reflexes, StartReact, and their interaction with posture and gait.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0149-7634
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.002
ID  - ref1
ER  -