TY  - JOUR
PY  - 1994//
TI  - Testosterone intake and aggressiveness: Real effect or anticipation?
JO  - Aggressive behavior
A1  - Bjorkqvist, Kaj
A1  - Nygren, T
A1  - Bjorklund, AC
A1  - Bjorkqvist, SE
SP  - 17
EP  - 26
VL  - 20
IS  - 1
N2  - In a double-blind experiment, human males (n = 27) were given either testosterone (40 mg/day), placebo, or no treatment, over a one week period. Subjective and observer assessed mood estimations were conducted before and after treatment. Testosterone levels in saliva were measured with radioimmunoassay. The results revealed a significant placebo effect [c.f. Medicine and Science in Sports 4:124-126]: After treatment, the placebo group scored higher than both the testosterone and the control group on self-estimated anger, irritation, impulsivity, and frustration. Observer-estimated mead yielded similar results. The lack of a placebo effect in the testosterone group is intriguing, and may be due to secondary effects caused by suppression of the body's own testosterone production, since recorded non-protein bound testosterone did not significantly rise due to treatment. The results suggest that androgen usage causes expectations, rather than an actual increase of aggressiveness.<p />
LA  - en
SN  - 0096-140X
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -