TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2016//
TI  - Magnitude and characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US: 1998-2013
JO  - Environmental research
A1  - Fortenberry, Gamola Z.
A1  - Beckman, John
A1  - Schwartz, Abby
A1  - Prado, Joanne Bonnar
A1  - Graham, Lucia S.
A1  - Higgins, Sheila
A1  - Lackovic, Michelle
A1  - Mulay, Prakash
A1  - Bojes, Heidi K.
A1  - Waltz, Justin
A1  - Mitchell, Yvette
A1  - Leinenkugel, Kathy
A1  - Oriel, Michel S.
A1  - Evans, Elizabeth
A1  - Calvert, Geoffrey M.
SP  - 191
EP  - 199
VL  - 146
IS  - 
N2  - BACKGROUND: Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world. <br><br>OBJECTIVES: Determine the magnitude, characteristics, and root causes for acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US METHODS: Illnesses associated with paraquat or diquat exposure occurring from 1998 through 2011 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), and the Incident Data System (IDS). Cases identified by the National Poison Data System (NPDS) were reviewed for the years 1998-2003 and 2006-2013. <br><br>RESULTS: A total of 300 paraquat- and 144 diquat-related acute illnesses were identified by SENSOR, PISP, and IDS. NPDS identified 693 paraquat- and 2128 diquat-related acute illnesses. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, illnesses were commonly low severity (paraquat=41%; diquat=81%); however, SENSOR/PISP/IDS identified 24 deaths caused by paraquat and 5 deaths associated with diquat. Nineteen paraquat-related deaths were due to ingestion, seven of which were unintentional, often due to improper storage in beverage bottles. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, paraquat and diquat-related acute illnesses were work-related in 68% (n=203) and 29% (n=42) of cases, respectively. When herbicide application site was known, the vast majority of acute paraquat-related illnesses (81%) arose from agricultural applications. Common root causes of illness were failure to use adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), application equipment failure, and spill/splash of herbicide. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although the magnitude of acute paraquat/diquat-related illnesses was relatively low, several fatalities were identified. Many illnesses could be prevented through stricter compliance with label requirements (e.g. ensuring proper herbicide storage and PPE use), and through enhanced training of certified applicators.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0013-9351
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.003
ID  - ref1
ER  -