TY  - JOUR
PY  - 1997//
TI  - Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures on bare ice
JO  - Transportation research record
A1  - Hossain, Mazeda
A1  - Bajorski, Peter
A1  - Yang, Wei-Shih
SP  - 30
EP  - 38
VL  - 1585
IS  - 
N2  - Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures were investigated as functions of temperature, gradation, and application rate. <br><br>RESULTS of a laboratory cold-room study in which sliding friction was measured with a British pendulum tester are described. Four temperatures, three sand gradations, four brine concentrations, and four sand-application rates were investigated. All tests were performed on an ice sheet in a cold room, where sand temperatures were maintained close to ice temperatures. Three categories of materials were tested: sand alone, sand-salt mixtures, and sand-brine mixtures. <br><br>RESULTS showed that sand-brine mixtures outperformed the other two, with significantly greater sliding friction. Two brine concentrations were found suitable in two temperature ranges. Below -12°C, 2.5 percent brine (by weight) gave good results with a fine sand (passing the No. 30 U.S. sieve but retained on the No. 50 sieve) at a sand application rate of 1 g over a test area of 100 x 200 mm, with a sand-to-brine ratio of 1:1 by weight. This rate is equivalent to field application of 183 kg of sand per lane-km. Friction was achieved by generating a bond between sand and ice by using a low-concentration brine (2.5 percent by weight). At temperatures above -12°C, satisfactory results also were obtained with 25 percent brine mixed with the same sand at a ratio of 2:1 by weight. In this case, friction was increased by roughening the ice surface with a higher-concentration brine (25 percent by weight).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0361-1981
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1585-05
ID  - ref1
ER  -