TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2016//
TI  - Crystals and tablets in the Spanish ecstasy market 2000-2014: are they the same or different in terms of purity and adulteration?
JO  - Forensic science international
A1  - Vidal Giné, Claudio
A1  - Ventura Vilamala, Mireia
A1  - Fornís Espinosa, Iván
A1  - Gil Lladanosa, Cristina
A1  - Calzada Álvarez, Nú
A1  - Fitó Fruitós, Ariadna
A1  - Rodríguez Rodríguez, Joan
A1  - Domíngo-Salvany, Antònia
A1  - de la Torre Fornell, Rafael
SP  - 164
EP  - 168
VL  - 263
IS  - 
N2  - BACKGROUND: Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has a long history in recreational settings, research on its composition (purity and adulteration) has focused only on tablets even though crystal format is readily available for users. <br><br>METHODS: Drug specimens collected between January 2000 and December 2014 were analyzed at Energy Control's facilities. All samples were voluntarily provided by drug users. Sample identification was made with thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and quantification with ultraviolet spectrophotometry (only in unadulterated samples). <br><br>RESULTS: Between January 2000 and December 2014, 6200 samples purchased as ecstasy by their users were analyzed. Crystals were the most frequent format (60.6%) followed by tablets (38.8%). During the study period, the proportion of samples containing only MDMA was higher in crystals than in tablets. Compared with tablets, adulterated crystal samples contained the same number of adulterants but more combinations of different substances. Although caffeine was commonly detected as adulterant both in crystals and tablets, other substances such as phenacetin, lidocaine, dextrometorphan or methamphetamine were detected almost exclusively in crystal samples. The amount of MDMA in crystal samples remained stable unlike tablets for which a huge increase in MDMA dose was observed since 2010. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Crystal samples of ecstasy showed clear differences compared to ecstasy tablets and this must be taken into account both in research and harm reduction.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0379-0738
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.016
ID  - ref1
ER  -