TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2017//
TI  - To what extent do e-bikes substitute travel by other modes? Evidence from the Netherlands
JO  - Transportation research part D: transport and environment
A1  - Kroesen, Maarten
SP  - 377
EP  - 387
VL  - 53
IS  - 
N2  - After Asian countries, the e-bike is now also on the rise in many Western countries. Related to this development, an important question posed by scholars is to what extent the adoption of the e-bike will lead to environmental and health benefits. These will be present if the e-bike replaces travel by motorized modes. Surveying the literature addressing this issue, empirical studies conducted to date do indeed reach the conclusion that the e-bike is substituting travel by car. However, a general shortcoming of empirical studies is that substitution is assessed by asking direct questions to e-bike owners. The aim of the present study is to address this limitation and statistically assess the effect of e-bike ownership on various indicators of travel behavior. To this end, a conceptual model is developed, which is specified as a structural equation model and estimated using data from the last three national mobility surveys in the Netherlands (2013, 2014 and 2015). The results show that e-bike ownership strongly reduces the use of the conventional bicycle, but also, to a lesser extent, car and public transport use. Secondly, e-bike owners reduce their car and public transport use more than conventional bicycle owners. And thirdly, on the level of vehicle ownership, the e-bike acts as a substitute for the conventional bicycle and does not act as a substitute for the car. Overall, the results shed some light on the health and environmental benefits of the uptake of e-bikes in the Netherlands. © 2017 Elsevier Publishing. <br><br>KEYWORDS: Bicycles; Bicyclists; Bicycling<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1361-9209
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.036
ID  - ref1
ER  -