TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2018//
TI  - Do progestin-only contraceptives contribute to the risk of developing depression as implied by beta-arrestin 1 levels in leukocytes? A pilot study
JO  - International journal of environmental research and public health
A1  - Smith, Keisha
A1  - Nayyar, Sanket
A1  - Rana, Tanu
A1  - Archibong, Anthony E.
A1  - Looney, Kimberly R.
A1  - Nayyar, Tultul
SP  - e15091966
EP  - e15091966
VL  - 15
IS  - 9
N2  - We reported previously that reduction in beta-arrestin 1 (β-AR 1) protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMC) significantly correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms in reproductive women. In this pilot study, we used β-AR 1 protein levels in PBMC as a marker for developing depressive symptoms and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores to assess potential mood-related side effects of oral contraceptive use for routine birth control among women. We evaluated 29 women in this study. We enrolled the participants in three groups: Estrogen-progestin combination-oral contraceptives (COC, <i>n</i> = 10), progestin-only contraceptives (POC, <i>n</i> = 12), and non-hormonal or no contraceptives (NC, <i>n</i> = 7). We determined the β-AR 1 protein levels in PBMCs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that women in the POC group had significantly higher HAM-D scores compared to those in the COC (<i>p</i> < 0.0004) and NC (<i>p</i> < 0.004). The levels of β-AR 1 protein were significantly attenuated in women in the POC group compared to women in the NC group (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Our findings suggest that the use of POC is a potential risk factor for developing depressive symptoms.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1661-7827
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091966
ID  - ref1
ER  -