TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2019//
TI  - Publication standards in infancy research: three ways to make Violation-of-Expectation studies more reliable
JO  - Infant behavior and development
A1  - Rubio-Fernández, Paula
SP  - 177
EP  - 188
VL  - 54
IS  - 
N2  - The Violation-of-Expectation paradigm is a widespread paradigm in infancy research that relies on looking time as an index of surprise. This methodological review aims to increase the reliability of future VoE studies by proposing to standardize reporting practices in this literature. I review 15 VoE studies on false-belief reasoning, which used a variety of experimental parameters. An analysis of the distribution of p-values across experiments suggests an absence of p-hacking. However, there are potential concerns with the accuracy of their measures of infants' attention, as well as with the lack of a consensus on the parameters that should be used to set up VoE studies. I propose that (i) future VoE studies ought to report not only looking times (as a measure of attention) but also looking-away times (as an equally important measure of distraction); (ii) VoE studies must offer theoretical justification for the parameters they use, and (iii) when parameters are selected through piloting, pilot data must be reported in order to understand how parameters were selected. Future VoE studies ought to maximize the accuracy of their measures of infants' attention since the reliability of their results and the validity of their conclusions both depend on the accuracy of their measures.<br><br>Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0163-6383
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.09.009
ID  - ref1
ER  -