TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2019//
TI  - When do we punish people who don't?
JO  - Cognition
A1  - Martin, Justin W.
A1  - Jordan, Jillian J.
A1  - Rand, David G.
A1  - Cushman, Fiery
SP  - 104040
EP  - 104040
VL  - 193
IS  - 
N2  - People often punish norm violations. In what cases is such punishment viewed as normative-a behavior that we "should" or even "must" engage in? We approach this question by asking when people who fail to punish a norm violator are, themselves, punished. (For instance, a boss who fails to punish transgressive employees might, herself, be fired.) We conducted experiments exploring the contexts in which higher-order punishment occurs, using both incentivized economic games and hypothetical vignettes describing everyday situations. We presented participants with cases in which an individual fails to punish a transgressor, either as a victim (second party) or as an observer (third party). Across studies, we consistently observed higher-order punishment of non-punishing observers. Higher-order punishment of non-punishing victims, however, was consistently weaker, and sometimes non-existent. These results demonstrate the selective application of higher-order punishment, provide a new perspective on the psychological mechanisms that support it, and provide some clues regarding its function.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0010-0277
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104040
ID  - ref1
ER  -