TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2020//
TI  - Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: a historical overview on microbial harmful applications
JO  - Forensic science international
A1  - Oliveira, Manuela
A1  - Mason-Buck, Gabriella
A1  - Ballard, David
A1  - Branicki, Wojciech
A1  - Amorim, António
SP  - e110366
EP  - e110366
VL  - 314
IS  - 
N2  - Microbial Forensics is a field that continues to grow in interest and application among the forensic community. This review, divided into two sections, covers several topics associated with this new field. The first section presents a historic overview concerning the use of microorganisms (or its product, i.e. toxins) as harmful biological agents in the context of biological warfare (biowarfare), bioterrorism, and biocrime. Each case is illustrated with the examination of case reports that span from prehistory to the present day. The second part of the manuscript is devoted to the role of MF and highlights the necessity to prepare for the pressing threat of the harmful use of biological agents as weapons. Preventative actions, developments within the field to ensure a timely and effective response and are discussed herein.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0379-0738
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110366
ID  - ref1
ER  -