TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - Risk factors for CoViD-19 in college students identified by physical, mental, and social health reported during the fall 2020 semester: an observational study using the roadmap app and FitBit wearable sensors
JO  - JMIR mental health
A1  - Gilley, Kristen
A1  - Baroudi, Loubna
A1  - Yu, Miao
A1  - Gainsburg, Izzy
A1  - Reddy, Niyanth
A1  - Bradley, Christina
A1  - Cislo, Christine
A1  - Rozwadowski, Michelle Lois
A1  - Clingan, Caroline Ashley
A1  - DeMoss, Matthew Stephen
A1  - Churay, Tracey
A1  - Birditt, Kira
A1  - Colabianchi, Natalie
A1  - Chowdhury, Mosharaf
A1  - Forger, Daniel
A1  - Gagnier, Joel
A1  - Zernicke, Ronald F.
A1  - Cunningham, Julia Lee
A1  - Cain, Stephen M.
A1  - Tewari, Muneesh
A1  - Choi, Sung Won
SP  - ePub
EP  - ePub
VL  - ePub
IS  - ePub
N2  - BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered a seismic shift in education, to online learning. With nearly 20 million students enrolled in colleges across the U.S., the long-simmering mental health crisis in college students was likely further exacerbated by the pandemic. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study leveraged mobile health (mHealth) technology and sought to: i) characterize self-reported outcomes of physical, mental, and social health by COVID-19 status; ii) assess physical activity through consumer-grade wearable sensors (Fitbit®); and iii) identify risk factors associated with COVID-19 positivity in a population of college students prior to release of the vaccine. <br><br>METHODS: Detailed methods were previously published in JMIR Res Protocols (Cislo et al). After completing a baseline assessment (i.e., Time 0 [T0]) of demographics, mental, and social health constructs through the Roadmap 2.0 app, participants were instructed to use the app freely, to wear the Fitbit®, and complete subsequent assessments at T1, T2 and T3, followed by a COVID-19 assessment of history and timing of COVID-19 testing and diagnosis (T4: ~14 days after T3). Continuous measures were described using means (M) and standard deviations (SD), while categorical measures were summarized using frequencies and proportions. Formal comparisons were made based on COVID-19 status. The multivariate model was determined by entering all statistically significant variables (P<.05) in univariable associations at once and then removing one variable at a time by backward selection until the optimal model was obtained. <br><br>RESULTS: During the fall 2020 semester, 1,997 participants consented, enrolled, and met criteria for data analyses. There was a high prevalence of anxiety, as assessed by the State Trait Anxiety Index (STAI), with moderate and severe levels in N=465 (24%) and N=970 (49%) students, respectively. Approximately, one-third of students reported having a mental health disorder (N=656, 33%). The average daily steps recorded in this student population was approximately 6500 (M=6474, SD=3371). Neither reported mental health nor step count were significant based on COVID-19 status (P=.52). Our analyses revealed significant associations of COVID-positivity with use of marijuana and alcohol (P =.020 and.046, respectively) and lower belief in public health measures (P=.003). In addition, graduate students were less likely and those with ≥20 roommates were more likely to report a COVID-19 diagnosis (P=.009). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Mental health problems were common in this student population. Several factors, including substance use, were associated with risk of COVID-19. These data highlight important areas for further attention, such as prioritizing innovative strategies that address health and well-being, considering the potential long-term effects of COVID-19 on college students.     CLINICALTRIAL: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04766788. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT: RR2-10.2196/29561.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 2368-7959
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34645
ID  - ref1
ER  -