TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - Evolution of legislation and crimes based on sexual identity or orientation in Spain: a retrospective observational study (2011-2021)
JO  - International journal of environmental research and public health
A1  - Ruiz-Azcona, Laura
A1  - Pellico-López, Amada
A1  - Manjón-Rodríguez, Jimena B.
A1  - Sánchez Movellán, Mar
A1  - Ajo Bolado, Purificación
A1  - García-Vázquez, Jose
A1  - Hernández-Aguado, Ildefonso
A1  - Cayón-De Las Cuevas, Joaquín
A1  - Paz-Zulueta, María
SP  - e859
EP  - e859
VL  - 19
IS  - 2
N2  - Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011-2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1661-7827
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020859
ID  - ref1
ER  -