TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women
JO  - BMC medicine
A1  - Yang, Qian
A1  - Þórðardóttir, Edda Björk
A1  - Hauksdóttir, Arna
A1  - Aspelund, Thor
A1  - Jakobsdóttir, Jóhanna
A1  - Halldorsdottir, Thorhildur
A1  - Tomasson, Gunnar
A1  - Rúnarsdóttir, Harpa
A1  - Danielsdottir, Hilda Björk
A1  - Bertone-Johnson, Elizabeth R.
A1  - Sjölander, Arvid
A1  - Fang, Fang
A1  - Lu, Donghao
A1  - Valdimarsdottir, Unnur Anna
SP  - e60
EP  - e60
VL  - 20
IS  - 1
N2  - BACKGROUND: Childhood abuse and neglect have been associated with premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, the associations of other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the cumulative number of ACEs with PMDs remain to be explored. <br><br>METHODS: To evaluate the associations of the cumulative number and types of ACEs with PMDs, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis with a subsample of menstruating women within the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, assessed for PMDs and ACEs (N=11,973). The cumulative and individual exposure of 13 types of ACEs was evaluated by a modified ACE-International Questionnaire. A modified version of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool was used to identify probable cases of PMDs, further sub-grouped into PMS and PMDD. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of PMDs in relation to varying ACEs were estimated using Poisson regression. <br><br>RESULTS: At a mean age of 34.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 9.1), 3235 (27%) met the criteria of probable PMDs, including 2501 (21%) for PMS and 734 (6%) for PMDD. The number of ACEs was linearly associated with PMDs (fully-adjusted PR 1.12 per ACE, 95% CI 1.11-1.13). Specifically, the PR for PMDs was 2.46 (95% CI 2.21-2.74) for women with 4 or more ACEs compared with women with no ACEs. A stronger association was observed for probable PMDD compared to PMS (p for difference <0.001). The associations between ACEs and PMDs were stronger among women without PTSD, anxiety, or depression, and without childhood deprivation and were stronger among women a lower level of social support (p for interaction<0.001). All types of ACEs were positively associated with PMDs (PRs ranged from 1.11 to 1.51); the associations of sexual abuse, emotional neglect, family violence, mental illness of a household member, and peer and collective violence were independent of other ACEs. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that childhood adverse experiences are associated with PMDs in a dose-dependent manner. If confirmed by prospective data, our findings support the importance of early intervention for girls exposed to ACEs to minimize risks of PMDs and other morbidities in adulthood.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1741-7015
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02275-7
ID  - ref1
ER  -