TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - Printed and flexible ecg electrodes attached to the steering wheel for continuous health monitoring during driving
JO  - Sensors (Basel)
A1  - Warnecke, Joana M.
A1  - Ganapathy, Nagarajan
A1  - Koch, Eugen
A1  - Dietzel, Andreas
A1  - Flormann, Maximilian
A1  - Henze, Roman
A1  - Deserno, Thomas M.
SP  - e4198
EP  - e4198
VL  - 22
IS  - 11
N2  - Continuous health monitoring in a vehicle enables the earlier detection of symptoms of cardiovascular diseases. In this work, we designed flexible and thin electrodes made of polyurethane for long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring while driving. We determined the time for reliable ECG recording to evaluate the effectiveness of the electrodes. We recorded data from 19 subjects under four scenarios: rest, city, highway, and rural. The recording time was five min for rest and 15 min for the other scenarios. The total recording (950 min) is publicly available under a CC BY-ND 4.0 license. We used the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) algorithm to detect the position of R-waves. Then, we derived the RR intervals to compare the estimated heart rate with the ground truth, which we obtained from ECG electrodes on the chest. We calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and averaged it for the different scenarios. Highway had the lowest SNR (-6.69 dB) and rural had the highest (-6.80 dB). The usable time of the steering wheel was 42.46% (city), 46.67% (highway), and 47.72% (rural). This indicates that steering-wheel-based ECG recording is feasible and delivers reliable recordings from about 45.62% of the driving time. In summary, the developed electrodes allow continuous in-vehicle heart rate monitoring, and our publicly available recordings provide the opportunity to apply more sophisticated data analytics.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1424-8220
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114198
ID  - ref1
ER  -